Cervical Cancer in Women: The Fourth Most Common Type That Can Be Largely Prevented

Cancer is a disease that often evokes fear, but did you know that one of the most common cancers in women can be largely prevented? Cervical cancer, the fourth most common cancer among women worldwide, can be effectively controlled with early intervention and preventive measures, according to Dr. Shilpa Agarwal, Consultant in Gynaecology, Obstetrics, and Fetal Medicine at Jaslok Hospital & Research Centre.

What Is Cervical Cancer?
Cervical cancer originates in the lower part of the uterus, called the cervix, which connects the uterus to the vagina. When the cells in this narrow region start to grow abnormally and uncontrollably, cervical cancer develops. The condition can be deadly in areas with limited medical resources, but early detection makes treatment highly effective.

The Main Cause: HPV Infection
Persistent infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) is responsible for nearly all cervical cancer cases. Among the many types of HPV, types 16 and 18 account for over 75% of cases globally. Severe HPV infections can cause abnormal cell growth, which, if left untreated, may progress to cancer over time.

Two Key Prevention Methods
Preventing cervical cancer is relatively straightforward and involves two essential steps:

1. HPV Vaccination and Safe Sexual Practices: Getting vaccinated against HPV and maintaining safe sexual behavior significantly reduces the risk.
2. Regular Screening: Routine screening can detect abnormal cell changes early, preventing progression to cancer. Women at higher risk can consult their doctors for personalized screening schedules.

Effective Tests for Early Detection

• HPV Testing: Identifies high-risk and low-risk virus types present in the body.
• Pap Smear Test: Detects cellular changes and their severity, helping catch pre-cancerous conditions before they develop into cervical cancer.

Recommended Screening Guidelines
International and national guidelines recommend:

• Pap Smear Screening: Start at age 21 and continue until 65.
• HPV Testing: Generally not required for women under 30 unless advised by a doctor.
  Screening intervals typically range from 3 to 5 years, depending on previous test results. If abnormalities are found, doctors may recommend colposcopy for further investigation.

Who Is at Higher Risk?
Certain factors increase the likelihood of HPV infection and cervical cancer, including:

• Multiple sexual partners
• Early onset of sexual activity
• History of sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
• High number of childbirths
• HIV infection
• Co-infections of the genital tract
• Smoking
• Long-term use of oral contraceptives

Conclusion
Cervical cancer can be largely prevented through vaccination, safe sexual practices, and regular screening. Early detection saves lives and ensures timely treatment.

Disclaimer: This article is intended for general informational purposes only. Navbharat Times does not guarantee the accuracy or effectiveness of the information and it should not replace professional medical advice. Always consult your doctor for diagnosis, treatment, or preventive measures.